Governance Role of Audit Committees

Question: Examine about the Governance Role of Audit Committees. Answer: Presentation: In the current case, as Katrina Ng is administrator just as individual from Board of Directors of not revenue driven substance. There has been no infringement of the Accountant code of morals on the off chance that she is just executive and not autonomous chief. On the off chance that she is an autonomous chief that she has disregarded the head of Objectivity, despite the fact that the position is privileged and doesn't include her to act in the board limit of the association. It may be conceivable that the choices taken by Katrina Ng in her administrative limit in the impact of senior administration may likewise influence choices when taken as an executive. An open bookkeeper can give expense and the board administrations and furthermore lead review however can't give accounting administrations to a similar customer. As review includes precise assessment and testing of money related records of an organization, consequently it isn't workable for one to pass judgment on books of records which are set up by him just (Nicol?escu, 2013). A similar will abuse head of trustworthiness and objectivity. In present case chances are likely that Peter Beattie may be one-sided while giving a feeling on the books of records arranged by him. The evaluator ought to give Unqualified Opinion. According to Miller and Skinner (2015), unfit sentiment is communicated by an inspector on the off chance that where no booking with respect to the fiscal summaries is watched while reviewing. It is otherwise called clean sentiment which alludes that fiscal summaries give valid and reasonable view. In the current case as the examiner can't get affirmation with respect to the parities from the three customers who were significant clients. As the evaluator can fulfill himself utilizing different strategies with respect to the legitimacy of their equalization; he ought to give unfit assessment. No specific technique is essential for surveying the legitimacy of strategy; it is important that examiner must be certain that the records are introduced in reasonable way. Disclaimer Opinion ought to be communicated by the inspector for this situation as the customer has held the examiner to not watching the record of plant, property and hardware. The degree of materiality which existed in this record was 20%. As per Ghafran and O'Sullivan (2013), disclaimer feeling is given by the examiner in situations where the inspector is limited to analyze a few or different records which are material and the reviewer can't communicate sentiment. In situations where the evaluator can't discover proper confirmations which may help them is communicating that whether the announcements are as per the money related bookkeeping gauges. Henceforth, the inspector can't set out a supposition with respect to the budget reports of the organization inferable from the impediment of limitation put by the customer. A disclaimer assessment remains basically till the customer doesnt give fitting confirmations to the evaluator to pull back such a conclusion (CPAs versus NON-CPAs. John W. Day. 2016). References Ghafran, C. also, O'Sullivan, N. 2013. The administration job of review boards of trustees: assessing a time of evidence.International Journal of Management Reviews.15(4). Pp381-407. Mill operator, G. S. also, Skinner, D. J. 2015. The advancing revelation scene: How changes in innovation, the media, and capital markets are influencing disclosure.Journal of Accounting Research.53(2). Pp221-239. Nicol?escu, E. 2013. Improvements in corporate administration and administrative enthusiasm for ensuring review quality.Economics, Management, and Financial Markets. (2). Pp198-203. CPAs versus NON-CPAs. John W. Day. 2016. [Online]. Accessible through www.reallifeaccounting.com [Accessed on 29th January 2017].

Lebron v Kobe Free Essays

Individuals are continually anticipating ball season. There are numerous acceptable players in the alliance. I imagine that the two best players are Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. We will compose a custom article test on Lebron v Kobe or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The two players perform great on the court. Despite the fact that the players play well, they are entirely unexpected competitors. The mentalities, abilities, and enthusiasm for the game are communicated in various manners. In spite of the fact that, Lebron James is youthful in the group of NBA ball, he can shutdown most top pick veterans. Lebron’s demeanor towards ball hasn’t changed a piece from his secondary school vocation. Despite the fact that he is in the masters, his attitude is still cooperation. In a game like b-ball you can’t do everything without anyone else. Many may think he is a one man group or a ball hoard be that as it may, his mentality towards the game makes himself stick out. Then again, Kobe Bryant has had a couple of a greater number of long stretches of understanding than Lebron James. In the start of his ball vocation his mentality was like that of Lebron James’ current one. Following several years of playing with a similar group and winning an assortment of titles, his attitude toward the game started to change. Numerous where caused contention with his kindred previous colleague Shaquille O’Neal. Lebron James has extremely outstanding aptitudes in the level that he plays at. In addition to the fact that he got drafted legitimately out of secondary school, he is one of the top players that are perceived when one notices ball. James has driven his group to sequential season finisher appearances from 2006 through 2009. On offense, Lebron is known for utilizing his size, quality, and briskness to move beyond guilty parties. His abilities have prompted numerous correlations with NBA legends like Magic Johnson, Oscar Robertson, and Michael Jordan. Kobe Bryant is viewed as one of the most complete players in NBA history. Kobe can make shots for himself and is a successful outside shooter. Beside this, he is a champion protector, having made the All-Defensive first and second group nine of the last ten seasons. The enthusiasm every individual has for the sport of b-ball is not quite the same as each other. Lebron James’ point of view on b-ball is it’s â€Å"More Than a Game†. Ball to him is progressively similar to a way of life as it were. The collaboration he and his partners appear on the court make a feeling of fraternity. Lebron realizes that its not about him in light of the fact that the sport of b-ball is a group activity. Kobe Bryant’s energy for the game is unique. He began playing the game at 3 years old years old. Kobe’s father was in the NBA when he was youthful and impacted him. On the court, he knows it’s an occupation to be done and he overwhelms all the time. There are numerous likenesses between Lebron James and Kobe Bryant. Conversely, there are numerous distinctions too. Every individual has a specific way they present their selves on and off the court. One thing without a doubt, proficient b-ball would not be the equivalent without them. Step by step instructions to refer to Lebron v Kobe, Essay models

The Early Action Deadline is Approaching - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

The Early Action Deadline is Approaching - UGA Undergraduate Admissions The Early Action Deadline is Approaching The Early Action deadline is almost here! Our office typically receives 4,000+ applications, a drastic increase in mail, emails and phone calls in the few daysprecedingthe deadline. The best thing an applicant can do right now is be patient. We work as quickly as possible to match documents with files, but we are dealing with a large number of applications and supplemental material. The fastest way to get material to us is to send it electronically. If your high school is in Georgia, you can send transcripts through GAcollege411.org . Students attending a high school outside of Georgia can have their counselors submit transcripts online through Docufide/Parchment. The high school evaluation can be submitted online from the High School Counselor Portal. Remember, no faxes! Please do not call our office to ask if we have received a document, test score, etc. if it was just sent. It takes about 8 to 10 business days from the time something is mailed for it to be matched with your file. It takes 4 to 5 business days for something submitted online to show up on your myStatus. Be sure tocheck your myStatus to see what we have received and what we are missing. This is updated once every business day, so you do not need to check it several times a day. Documents do not need to show up in your myStatus by October 15 to be in by the deadline. Know that if you have submitted something to us by the deadline, we will post it in our system and your myStatus shortly. We appreciate your patience as we workvigorouslyto match all of the material we are receiving with applications. Go Dawgs!

Computer Is The Era Of It Essay - 966 Words

Introduction Computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. That is why this age is called as the era of IT. And now we cannot imagine a world without computers. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc comes under the hardware whereas all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software. These days computers are the tools for not only engineers and scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the world. Computer has become very important nowadays because it is very much accurate, fast and can accomplish many tasks easily. Otherwise to complete those tasks manually much more time is required. It can do very big calculations in just a fraction of a second. Moreover it can store huge amount of data in it. We also get information on different aspects using internet on our computer. In mid nineties computers were only used by the government and army because at that time using computer was a complicated task. When the microprocessor was invented, computer gets smaller in size but after DOS and unix it became very easy for the people to use computer. and , of course, most of us Computer in different fields:- Banks Almost every bank is using computers to keep the record of all the money transaction and other calculations. Moreover it providesShow MoreRelatedComputer Company : A Whole New Era Of Technology1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthe very first computer company was founded, thus beginning a whole new era of technology that has evolved over a period of 76 years and has yet to slow down. Throughout the decades computers have transformed from machines that took up the space of an entire room, to fitting in the palm of your hand. Computers come in all shapes, sizes, and types such as desktops, laptops, cellphones and even game systems. While computers have an assortment of functions and purposes, some computers only have one purposeRead MoreComputer Era And The Law Of Mass Digital Storage2964 Words   |  12 Pagesmany different stages in this evolution. There have been five eras and the five eras are as follows: †¢ General-Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era (1959 to Present) †¢ Personal Computer Era (1981 to Present) †¢ Client/Server Era (1983 to Present) †¢ Enterprise Computing Era (1992 to Present) †¢ Cloud and Mobile Computing Era†¨(2000 to Present) - In General-Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era, IBM introduced the first commercial computers with a strong operating system, which provides time-sharingRead MoreComputer Technology And The Military During The Cold War Era1433 Words   |  6 PagesEarly computer art stemmed from an unlikely place and as the computer technology advanced, minimized, and became affordable, the computer turned into the most important invention of the modern age and has been implemented in almost every aspect of human life. Like video art, computer art started small and progressed with the technology and now is a tool used for many digital mediums. The origin of the computer resides with the military. The computer itself was created by the military during theRead MoreThe Eras of PC Advancement1455 Words   |  6 Pagesadvancement is regularly alluded to in reference to the diverse eras of registering apparatuses. Each of the five eras of machines is portrayed by a real mechanical improvement that at heart changed the way workstations work, bringing about progressively more modest, less expensive, all the more effective and more productive and solid registering units. In this Webopedia reference article youll research each of the five eras of workstations and the engineering improvements that have promptedRead MoreEssay about History of the Development of Computers1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people whom chooses their field which is relevant to computer appliances in their daily life also thinks the same and the develop the improvement of the computer from time to time until the computer technology reaches the development that we does not imagine before. When we think about the modern society the first thing ever hit up our mind is the technology of the computer , so we cant deny that the important of development of computer is very important to the growth of the modern society andRead MoreOperating Systems And Operating System862 Words   |  4 PagesSystems Every computer needs an operating system to operate. The operating system controls everything that the computer does, the master controller. It is the gasoline of the computer. According to Parsons and Oja (2014), they state that an operating system is â€Å"the integral part of virtually every computer system. It fundamentally affects how you can use your computer† (p 184). Most computers are bought with the operating system already installed. Once the computer is turned on, the operatingRead MoreThe Greatest Invention Of My Lifetime1480 Words   |  6 Pages that invention is computer. It is evident how life has changed since technology has been introduced in the human life. When we think of technology the first thing that comes to our mind is the image of a computer. Computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data, typically in a binary form, according to the instructions given to it in a variable program. Computers make our lives totally distinctive. Our current generous improvement is because of computers in numerous rangesRead MoreThe Development of Computers Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment of computer What is computer? According to Wikipedia, computer is a device that can be programmed to do a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. It is started with the basic device to perform a mathematic problem which is known as Abacus. Computer has been developing year by year and we have seen a lot of generation or development of computer nowadays. The first generation of computer starting from years 1940-1950, this can be called as the first electronic computer. DuringRead MoreBrief History of Software Engineering1733 Words   |  7 Pagesit as computer program stored in a computer which includes defined procedures or set of rules that lead to development of an output from a given input procedure for solving mathematical problem, Subah A.(2001, 4). It is produced to satisfy customer’s or individual’s needs. Let us ask ourselves, where does it come from? According to Subah A. ( 2001,2) , â€Å" Robert C.Class divided the long history of software into three different periods; the Pioneering Era (1955-1965), The Stabilizing Era (1965-1990)Read MoreOutliers by Malcolm Gladwell 1451 Words   |  6 Pages42) exemplifies how Karp came to becoming a computer genius. David Karp had access to extended advantages not offered to other high school students by being homeschooled at a young age. Encouraged by his mother, Karp dropped out of school at age 14 to be homeschooled with an emphasis on computers, coding and Japanese (Cooper). The addition time allowed Karp to work with computers for at least an 8-hour school day, not including personal time using computers. Karp stated in a Forbes interview, â€Å"Homeschoolers

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 933 Words

Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was first published in 1813(Gary vii) a time when women had â€Å"few legal and economic rights or even receiving little respect, women can be seen as oppressed victims of a patriarchal society, subordinate first to their fathers and, then, to their husbands who had, of course, been selected by their fathers† (Swords, 76-82). At first glance one might think that Pride and Prejudice reinforces sexist stereotypes, however upon further examination of Jane Austen and her heroine Elizabeth it is clear that Pride and Prejudice in fact erodes the sexist stereotypes of women. A hastily drawn conclusion one might make about Pride and Prejudice is that it appears to reinforce the sexist stereotypes of women during the 18th century. The first sentence of the book reads â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). Dorothy Van Ghent described this opening sentence as being â€Å"read as the opposite-a single woman must be in want of a man with a good fortune† (Van Ghent 301). This also introduces one of the central themes of the novel and that is Mrs. Bennet’s desire to see her daughters married â€Å"Her mind was less difficult to develop she was a woman of mean understanding little information and uncertain temper when she was discontented she fancied herself nervous the business of her life was to get her daughters married† (Austen 3). Marriage was crucial to ensure a woman’sShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1467 Words   |  6 Pages Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a classic novel that has remained relevant even years after its release. Its themes and symbols are understandable to even the most modern of reader. One of the many themes is sisterhood, something that is focused on constantly throughout the novel. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, finds many of her decisions to be based upon th e actions of her sisters. Making sisterhood a main driving force. Whether they are confiding in each other for marriageRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen872 Words   |  4 PagesIn my personal cherished novel, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the worlds of two immensely divergent people display the marxist idea of the importance of social status and its affect on the people. The two main characters seem to be on opposite ends of the earth in terms of an affluent Mr. Darcy being so privileged while on the contrary, Miss Elizabeth Bennet is of a lower class. Throughout the novel, there is a fine distinction between their clashing opinions and actions that are highly influencedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1285 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Analysis I.Introduction Jane Austen wrote her novels during the time period known as the Regency. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, a time where ideas like democracy, secularism, and the rise of developing sciences were making their way across Europe had come to an end.It was replaced with the wave of horror that was the French Revolution, a once minor revolt that escalated into a violent war, concluding with the rise of Napoleon, which whom England fought against the majorityRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the ti me, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe comical novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen depicts the love life of women in the early 1800’s. Austen shows the hardships young women in that time period had to go threw to find their place in this world. Women were thought of as objects to the men, they were supposed to be stay at home mothers, or simple just a accessory to their partner. Women were the subordinates in life, as they still are today. Austen tells the story of how Mrs. Bennet (a mother of 5) works tirelessly to get her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 Pages Bell 1 Natalie Bell Pedersen English 4 honors 29 February 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries ElizabethRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set sometime during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marryingRead Mo rePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1732 Words   |  7 PagesIn Pride and Prejudice, the first marriage presented is that of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. Being the parents of five daughters, the Bennet s marriage set the example for their children yet their relationship did not constitute true love, but more of mutual tolerance. Mrs. Bennet, an obnoxious women with an erratic temper, symbolizes society’s obsession with material wealth and social standing. As Jane Austen states when describing Mrs. Bennet, â€Å"The business of her Vanek 7 life was to get her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1384 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Voyatzis Professor W. Acres HISTORY 1401E May 26, 2015 Discussion Paper - Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice written in 1813 by Jane Austen tells the story of The Bennet’s and their five unmarried daughters. The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughters

Htm100 †Assignment 1 †Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries Free Essays

Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries Name School HTM 100 Professor Name February 3, 2013 Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries The hospitality industry is a very lucrative and rewarding career choice. Choosing a career in this field is not for the faint at heart. A career in this industry requires an individual that is ambitious, self-motivated, and has a charismatic personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Htm100 – Assignment 1 – Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the hard work comes with many personal and financial rewards. Hospitality covers all careers that can come underneath the lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, and tourism. However, this paper will go in depth explaining the role of general management, growth of employment, and human resource practices that should be used when hiring within the lodging and food and beverage industries. The management careers that are available in the lodging and the food and beverage industries are general manager, director of food and beverage, executive housekeeper, director of security, executive chef and quite a few more. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar a year business, and having excellent management and support staff is critical to the success of the business. Management is a very important key factor within the lodging and the food and beverage industries. This is why having an excellent General Manager is so critical to the success of the many organizations that exist within the lodging and food and beverage industry. A General Manager or (GM) has broad, overall responsibility for a business or organization. A General Manager has the power to hire, fire, or promote employees. A manager may be responsible for one functional area, however the General Manager is responsible for all areas. A General Manager is responsible for higher level planning than a manager. A General Manager is often responsible for the overall strategic planning and direction of the company or organization and leaves the day-to-day management of the various functions to the managers (F. John Reh, 2013). In the lodging industry the General Manager or (GM) is responsible for making sure all facets of the hotel or lodging structure is running properly. They must provide owners with a reasonable return on investment, keep guest satisfied and returning, and keep employees happy. This may seem easy, but because there are so many interpersonal transactions and because hotels are open every day, all day, the complexities of operating become challenge that the general manager must face and overcome. The GM not only focuses on leading and operating the hotel departments but also on aspects of the infrastructure, from room atmosphere to security (Walker, 2013). If a restaurant is inside of a hotel, then the food and beverage division is overseen by the general manager of the hotel. In this scenario the person that runs the food and beverage division is referred to as the director of food and beverage. In this case, the director reports to the general manager of the hotel. However, if there is a free standing restaurant, bar, or lounge; there is a general manager who is responsible for the entire operations of that establishment. If the restaurant, bar, or lounge is a freestanding establishment, the owner will sometimes double as the general manager and do the job on their own without hiring someone. Sometimes owners will hire an individual to fill the job as General Manager, especially if they have invested in a restaurant and do not have any experience in how to run it properly. If the food and beverage establishment is located within a hotel even though the general manager is responsible for all aspects of the hotel, as stated earlier, the GM depends on the director of food and beverages to run this division. The director of food and beverage has many job duties and is responsible for the efficient and effective operation of the following departments: * Kitchen/Catering/Banquet * Restaurants/Room Service/Minibars Lounges/Bars/Stewarding When taking all of the above areas in consideration, it could be stated that it could be harder to oversee the food and beverage division within hotel than in a freestanding restaurant. This is because a freestanding restaurant does not have to oversee room service and minibars that are located in the guest rooms. When reviewing all of the depa rtments that a general manager is responsible for within the lodging and the food and beverage industries, it would make one wonder what is the overall growth rate within this industry. As far as restaurants are concerned, growth is looking strong for this year. According to the National Restaurant Association, many private sector jobs were added in the fourth quarter of 2012. â€Å"Two days after a Commerce Department release that showed real gross domestic product (GDP) contracted for the first time in more than three years, the latest jobs report boosted economic spirits with stronger than expected private sector hiring in the fourth quarter of 2012. Despite the mixed signals, the underlying fundamentals of the economy remain positive, which points toward an improving business environment in 2013 (National Restaurant Association, 2013). The restaurant industry is not the only one that has a pleasant future. The hotel industry also seems to have a bright and optimistic future. Look at what the Bureau of Labor Statistics had to say. â€Å"The vast majority of workers in the hospitality industry — more than eight out of 10 in 2004 — were employed in service and administrative support  positions. Employment of hotel, motel and resort desk clerks is expected to grow faster than some other occupations in the industry. Hotels also employ many workers in part-time and seasonal jobs. Hospitality industry fear not! Despite an unemployment rate that’s higher than the national average, hotel jobs and hospitality jobs are actually on the rise. Projected to grow 17. 7% through 2014, the most popular hotel jobs and hospitality jobs continue to be waiters and waitresses. Oh, and the employment rate for hospitality jobs is at an all-time high as well† (AOL JOBS, 2013). Now that it has been established that the lodging and food and beverage industries have made it through the recession and is a strong and growing industry; what does a general manager do to make sure they are hiring the best possible employees? Many may think that anyone can work in the hospitality industry, but nothing is further from the truth. The hospitality industry requires an individual that is hard working, flexible, and a warm, confident personality. These are the following attributes a general manager should look for when hiring a potential employee. * Communication – when interviewing look for eye contact and well-formed answers to interview questions. * Multi-Tasking – look for examples from their past work indicate an ability to multi-task by asking two or three pronged questions that relate to slightly different topics. Attitude – look for a candidate that smiles and provides answers to questions that hint at optimism. * Flexibility – look for open-minded candidates who can explain to you why flexibility is important. The above qualities are exactly what an employee needs to possess in order to be an asset to the hiring organization. In conclusion, the lodging and food and beverage industries are very challenging but lucrative industries. Both industries have made it through the recession and now that people are starting to travel and eat out more it is more imperative than ever that this industry has quality employees to keep their guest happy and the industry moving forward. One of the areas of importance is that organizations in this industry hire general managers that are able to keep their business successful by doing the most important part of hospitality which is keeping their guest happy. It is also imperative that the general managers make the proper hiring choices when filling positions within their organization. If all facets of the business are met, this can ensure the length and prosperity of the lodging and food and beverage industries. References . AOL JOBS. (2013). Hospitality hotel jobs outlook. Retrieved from http://jobs. aol. com/hospitality-jobs/ F. John Reh. (2013). General manager. Retrieved from http://management. about. com/od/policiesandprocedures/g/gm1. htm Labor Systems Job Center. (2013). What makes a good hospitality employee? Retrieved from http://blog. laborsystems. com/2010/12/01/what-makes-a-good-hospitality-employe How to cite Htm100 – Assignment 1 – Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries, Essays

Schizophrenia in A Beautiful Mind an Example of the Topic Film Essays by

Schizophrenia in A Beautiful Mind The movie A Beautiful Mind (Howard, 2001) tells the story of John Nash, a mathematical genius who suffered from schizophrenia. The movie begins when Nash is working on his PhD at Princeton in the 1950s. Treatment for schizophrenia was different in the 1950s than it is now. This paper, which addresses the treatment of Nash, will be written as if Nash was being diagnosed and treated today and not 50 years ago. The movie was based on the book by Sylvia Nasar. Need essay sample on "Schizophrenia in A Beautiful Mind" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writers propose: Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With Us Nasar's depiction of Nash's life is less sanitized and much more detailed than the story that is told in the Ron Howard film, which seems like a "feel good" story of schizophrenia and avoids any mention of his bisexuality and facts of Nash's life.. There are other differences as well. For example, in the movie, Nash has visual hallucinations. According to the book, Nash hears voices that tell him what to do, but he does not have visual hallucinations. Since this paper is based on the movie, this paper will use the visual hallucinations as a symptom of Nash's illness. Does the character meet the DSM diagnosis for the specified disorder? Schizophrenia is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, section 295). John Nash displayed all of these symptoms. His closest friend, Charles, exists only in Nash's mind and is not a real person. Nash also displays disorganized behavior, although in his mind, it is organized.. For example, as Nash's illness progresses and he becomes more involved in his hallucination that he is breaking codes for the CIA, the walls of his office become covered in newspaper clippings and pages from magazines. To any one else, this would look like a disorganized mess. To Nash, this was a system of organization. The delusional behavior is less obvious, at least at first. Nash was a true genius. Ordinarily, making statements like "Einstein was wrong" or that "Adam Smith (the 18th century economist whose theories are the cornerstone of capitalism) was wrong" would be considered a sign of a delusion of grandeur. However, Nash won a Nobel Prize for developing a theory which showed that Adam Smith was not necessarily correct. Thinking that he was smarter than Einstein and Smith, or, for that matter, his instructors at Princeton, was not necessarily delusional behavior for John Nash. Nash was clearly deluded, however, about the nature of his work, which was described by his assistants as relatively routine, nothing special. He was not selected for a highly secretive project that would save the United States from attack. The fate of the world did not rest on his shoulders. Other symptoms of schizophrenia include a flat affect (little or no emotional expression), alogia (loss of speech), and avolition (loss of goals or motivation) (APA, section 295). As portrayed by Russell Crowe, Nash showed all of these symptoms. His avolition, like his disorganization, was a matter of perspective. To those around him, Nash had lost his motivation to complete his dissertation and, later, to be a teacher. In reality, Nash was preoccupied with his delusions. There was an apparent loss of motivation that would be more accurately described as a misplaced motivation. Finally, the DSM also specifies that "For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care are markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset" (APA, section 295). This criteria describes Nash's ragged personal appearance, his work history, and the problems in his marriage. DSM-IV also requires that these symptoms must be present for at least 6 months. For John Nash, these symptoms lasted from at least when he was in graduate school, if not before, and continued for the rest of his life. Possible origins of the disorder It is unclear exactly what causes schizophrenia, although it appears that a combination of genetic and environmental factors are involved (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2005). The movie does not go into great detail about Nash's early life. There is no mention of schizophrenic behavior in Nash's parents or in any relatives, and genetic science in the 1950s was not as developed as it is today. There is also an apparent relationship between psychosocial stressors and schizophrenic relapse (Jibson & Tandon, 2002). As a student in a highly competitive field, Nash would have been under a great deal of psychological stress. This stress seemed to subside with treatment. However, later in the movie, the stress of trying to live a normal life led to another break through, and Nash begins to hallucinate again. Expected prognosis The movie paints a somewhat optimistic picture of Nash's life with schizophrenia. He eventually is allowed to return to Princeton in a limited capacity and eventually wins the Nobel Prize. Obviously, not all schizophrenics can look forward to such a positive prognosis. The movie also leaves the impression that the patient can somehow overcome schizophrenia by willpower. In the movie, Nash compares it to being on a diet and choosing not to indulge in his fantasies. This is, in my opinion, an inaccurate and potentially dangerous depiction. In fact, one of the problems with schizophrenia is that the patient believes that he or she has overcome the disease and no longer needs to take medication or seek treatment. When the patient stops treatment, the symptoms reoccur, as they did for Nash. Perhaps a genius mind would be able to overcome this cycle and choose not to follow the hallucinations and delusions. The average person probably could not. The prognosis would be much worse if the patient stopped treatment. Nash explained the he stopped taking his medication because he couldn't have sex with his wife. Sexual problems are a known side effect of Risperidone, one of the medications used to treat schizophrenia, although this medication would not have been available in the 1950s. Other side effects of this medication are anxiety, feeling tired during the day, dizziness, constipation, nausea, dyspepsia, rhinitis, rash, an accelerated heart rate, reduced salivation, weight gain, and other complications (Risperdal package insert). With these side effects, it is understandable why a person might discontinue treatment, especially if he or she did not think treatment was still necessary. Nash received electroshock therapy, an even more dramatic form of treatment. In addition to the physical and mental aspects of schizophrenia, this disease also has a significant impact on the person's social life. In the movie, Nash is allowed to return to Princeton, where he can enjoy the company of students and other people. He is accepted by the students and faculty who seem to be very understanding of his illness. In real life, people are much more wary of inpiduals who hear voices, have delusions, or who have a noticeable mental illness. This stigma usually leads to isolation and loneliness. The inability to keep a job because of these behaviors would also lead to poverty. Nash's life is an example of how schizophrenics can overcome and be successful. It is realistic because it is based on actual events. It is not, however, a realistic portrayal for the typical schizophrenic. References American Psychiatric Association (2000). DSM-IV-TR. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington DC: Author. Jibson, M. and Tandon, R. (2002). Treatment of acute psychotic episodes. From Schizophrenia: A New Guide for Clinicians. Ed. John G. Csernansky. New York: Marcel Dekker. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from www.Questia.com Howard, R. (2001). A Beautiful Mind. Movie. Universal Studios. National Institute of Mental Health (2005). Schizophrenia. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/schizoph.cfm Risperdal package insert. Online. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from http://home.intekom.com/pharm/janssen/risperdt.html

Contracts Cases, Discussion, and Problems essay

Contracts Cases, Discussion, and Problems essay Contracts: Cases, Discussion, and Problems essay Contracts: Cases, Discussion, and Problems essayThe Amours were planning to celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary and contracted Jacque LeChef, a well-known chef. The value of catering estimated by this chef was $20,000, and the Amours paid a deposit of $3,500 (15%). They also invested $2,000 into printing wedding invitations with LeChefs name there. However, LeChef breached the contract with the Amours in favor of a celebrity wedding. So the Amours contracted Paulette Gourmande, another famous chef. She charged $26,000. The Amours also had to reprint the invitations for another $2,000. The key question is the amount of remedies to the Amours in the case if the court awarded restitution, reliance or lost expectation.RuleThe considered three types of judicial remedies are defined as follows. Judicial remedies under the rules stated in this Restatement serve to protect one or more of the following interests of a promisee: a) his expectation interest, which is his interest in having the benefit of his bargain by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract been performed;b) his reliance interest, which is his interest in being reimbursed for loss caused by reliance on the contract by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract not been made,c) his restitution interest, which is his interest in having restored to him any benefit that he has conferred on the other party (Blum and Bushaw, 2012, p.799).Rule ExplanationIt is possible to explain the judicial remedies in the following way. Expectation damages are intended to compensate the innocent partys benefit of the bargain that would have been reached if the contract had been performed (for example, to compensate for the loss of future income). Contrastingly, the reliance interest is the reimbursement for the partys losses caused by contract reliance (compared with the position when the contract never existed), while restitution interest is the reimbursem ent of any benefits of the innocent party conferred on the other party.Analysis/applicationIn the Amours case, if the court awarded expectation damages, the value of reimbursement would be calculated as follows. The court would estimate the expected value of benefit (satisfaction) expected by the Amours and reimburse this value to the family. However, it is quite difficult to determine the value of expected benefits in this case.If the court decided on reliance interest, then only the extra funds spent by the Amours would be returned, i.e $3,500 of installment to Jacque LeChef and $2,000 spent on reprinting the invitations. According to courts decision, the value of $6,000 difference between LeChefs and Gourmandes price quotes might also be included into reliance damages (e.g. if Gourmande charged extra $6,000 for urgency).In the case of restitution interest, it is also difficult to determine the amount of reimbursement. In this case, it is determined how much the breaching party ga ined from the violation of contract. To determine this value, it would be necessary to estimate LeChefs benefit from breaching the contract.ConclusionIn the considered case, expectation damages would be determined as the value of benefits expected by the Amours from having LeChef cater their wedding, reliance damages would include installment payment, the value of reprinting the invitations and, with some probability, the difference in the cost of catering between LeChef and Gourmande. For restitution, the value would equal to the amount of benefit gained by LeChef due to violating the contract. The most appropriate solution in this case is using reliance interest, since it allows to determine the value of reimbursement on a factual basis.

The Importance Of Lincolns Cooper Union Address

The Importance Of Lincoln's Cooper Union Address In late February 1860, in the midst of a cold and snowy winter, New York City received a visitor from Illinois who had, some thought, a remote chance of running for president on the ticket of the young Republican Party. By the time Abraham Lincoln left the city a few days later, he was well on his way to the White House. One speech given to a crowd of 1,500 politically astute New Yorkers had changed everything and had positioned Lincoln to be a candidate in the election of 1860. Lincoln, while not famous in New York, was not entirely unknown in the political realm. Less than two years before, he had challenged Stephen Douglas for the seat in the U.S. Senate Douglas had held for two terms. The two men faced each other in a series of seven debates across Illinois in 1858, and the well-publicized encounters established Lincoln as a political force in his home state. Lincoln carried the popular vote in that Senate election, but at that time Senators were selected by state legislators. And Lincoln ultimately lost the Senate seat thanks to backroom political maneuvers. Lincoln Recovered From 1858 Loss Lincoln spent 1859 reassessing his political future. And he obviously decided to keep his options open. He made an effort to take time off from his busy law practice to give speeches outside of Illinois, traveling to Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, and Iowa. And he also spoke in Kansas, which had become known as Bleeding Kansas thanks to the bitter violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in the 1850s. The speeches Lincoln gave throughout 1859 focused on the issue of slavery. He denounced it as an evil institution and spoke out forcefully against it spreading into any new U.S. territories. And he also criticized his perennial foe Stephen Douglas, who had been promoting the concept of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† in which citizens of new states could vote on whether or not to accept slavery. Lincoln denounced popular sovereignty as a â€Å"stupendous humbug.† Lincoln Received an Invitation to Speak in New York City In October 1859, Lincoln was at home in Springfield, Illinois when he received, by telegram, another invitation to speak. It was from a Republican Party group in New York City. Sensing a great opportunity, Lincoln accepted the invitation. After several exchanges of letters, it was decided that his address in New York would be on the evening of February 27, 1860. The location was to be Plymouth Church, the Brooklyn church of the famed minister Henry Ward Beecher, who was aligned with the Republican Party. Lincoln Did Considerable Research for His Cooper Union Address Lincoln put considerable time and effort into crafting the address he would deliver in New York. An idea advanced by pro-slavery advocates at the time was that Congress had no right to regulate slavery in new territories. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of the U.S. Supreme Court had actually advanced that idea in his notorious 1857 decision in the Dred Scott case, contending that the framers of the Constitution did not see such a role for Congress. Lincoln believed Taney’s decision was flawed. And to prove it, he set about conducting research into how the framers of the Constitution who later served in Congress voted in such matters. He spent time poring over historical documents, often visiting the law library in the Illinois state house. Lincoln was writing during tumultuous times. During the months he was researching and writing in Illinois, the abolitionist John Brown led his infamous raid on the US armory at Harpers Ferry, and was captured, tried, and hanged. Brady Took Lincoln's Portrait in New York In February, Lincoln had to take five separate trains over the course of three days to reach New York City. When he arrived, he checked into the Astor House hotel on Broadway. After he arrived in New York Lincoln learned the venue of his speech had changed, from Beecher’s church in Brooklyn to the Cooper Union (then called Cooper Institute), in Manhattan. On the day of the speech, February 27, 1860, Lincoln took a stroll on Broadway with some men from the Republican group hosting his speech. At the corner of Bleecker Street Lincoln visited the studio of the famed photographer Mathew Brady, and had his portrait taken. In the full-length photograph, Lincoln, who was not yet wearing his beard, is standing next to a table, resting his hand on some books. The Brady photograph became iconic as it was the model for engravings which were widely distributed, and the image would be the basis for campaign posters in the 1860 election. The Brady photograph has become known as the â€Å"Cooper Union Portrait. The Cooper Union Address Propelled Lincoln to the Presidency As Lincoln took the stage that evening at Cooper Union, he faced an audience of 1,500. Most of those attending were active in the Republican Party. Among Lincolns listeners: the influential editor of the New York Tribune, Horace Greeley, New York Times editor Henry J. Raymond, and New York Post editor William Cullen Bryant. The audience was eager to listen to the man from Illinois. And Lincoln’s address surpassed all expectations. Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech was one of his longest, at more than 7,000 words. And it is not one of his speeches with passages that are often quoted. Yet, due to the careful research and Lincolns forceful argument, it was stunningly effective. Lincoln was able to show that the founding fathers had intended Congress to regulate slavery. He named the men who had signed the Constitution and who had later voted, while in Congress, to regulate slavery. He also demonstrated that George Washington himself, as President, had signed a bill into law that regulated slavery. Lincoln spoke for more than an hour. He was interrupted often by enthusiastic cheering. The New York City newspapers carried the text of his speech the next day, with the New York Times running the speech across most of the front page. The favorable publicity was astounding, and Lincoln went on to speak in several other cities in the East before returning to Illinois. That summer the Republican Party held its nominating convention in Chicago. Abraham Lincoln, beating out better-known candidates, received his partys nomination. And historians tend to agree that it would never have happened if not for the address delivered months earlier on a cold winter night in New York City.

Evidence-Based Information about the Benefits of Bedside Handoff Essay

Evidence-Based Information about the Benefits of Bedside Handoff - Essay Example The time spent in the hand-off lasted from 30 minutes to one hour. While some nurses reported lack of real-time information pertaining to the patient during hand-offs, others reported unnecessary lag time between coming to duty and seeing the patients. This lag time was a hindrance to the proper functioning of the nurses because of inability to answer call lights and delayed response to the complaints of the patients. Another major hurdle in the variability of hand-off system was increased number of errors (Trossman, 2009). According to the Joint Commission (2000), one of the leading causes of sentinel events in a hospital setting is the failure in proper communication during shift hand-off (Laws and Amato, 2010). Traditional shift reporting is often repetitive, unstructured and inconsistent as far as information is concerned. According to Johnson and Web (1995; cited in Laws and Amato, 2010), traditional hand-offs "are frequently subjective in their content and accompanied by value judgments and labeling of patients." Mosher and Bontomasi (1996; Laws and Amato, 2010) opined that traditional shift hand-off also lacked in the planning of care. This is evident from the study by Jordan et al (1991; cited in Laws and Amato, 2010) in which "only 12% of change-of-shift reports included care planning and 2% included evaluation of nursing care." Traditional hand-off methods also deliver poor information (OConnell et al, 2008). From this, it is evident that traditional hand-off methods have several disadvantages and research has shown that these disadvantages can be tackled by implementing bedside reporting. Cline (cited in Trossman, 2009) reported that bedside reporting has many benefits like a review of the patient together, review of physician and medication orders, participation from the patients and their families and establishing of patient goals.  Ã‚  

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 10 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 10 - Essay Example Multinational firms experience economies of scale as part of their financial strategies. This relates to the advantages that accrue to a firm as a result of large-scale production. The large volume of the units produced by the firms, result in a decrease in the cost of producing each individual product. Through the process of rationalization, multinational corporations are able to achieve the advantages of worldwide integration as they are able to manage their resources adequately. It further allows subsidiary firms to adapt to the specific product needs and financial requirements of the countries in which they operate such as taxation and other business regulations. The subsidiaries are encouraged to operate as national firms through compliance with the specific needs of the nations in which they are located but retaining some advantages such as sharing of financial risks with their affiliated firm. Another advantage of economies of scale is that it reduces the cost of raw materials as well as other overhead costs which lead to huge profits in the long-run (Ogilvie, 2006). World-wide integration strategy allows multinational firms to develop standardized products which bear global appeal thus are able to generate huge profits owing to the fact that they are generally accepted and preferred by many people. Multinational firms can be adversely affected by the regulations imposed by banking institutions operating globally. Such challenges may be due to liquidity problems and interest rates. As a result, financial managers of the multinational firms must consider the cost of accessing loans in their countries of operation as well as investment opportunities available in those countries. They prefer operating in countries in which the banking sector is subject to international policies which have been set up by the International Monetary Fund. The domestic firms are in direct

The Gender Discrimination In Pakistan Sociology Essay

The Gender Discrimination In Pakistan Sociology Essay This paper demonstrates a societal status of women and their pondering image in a perspective of social, political and economic contexts in Pakistan. The explicit spectrum of gender in different academic shapes does not rectify the comprehensive mode of subject due to lack of research and policy implementation. This thesis provides an appropriate source in the light of Islamic sharia law, cultural and uneducated state regulations towards gender understanding in Pakistan. Social injustice, economic domination by men and culturally bindings and borders make an oppressed environment for womens. Urban and rural, tribal and family moralistic restrictions amidst more and broader complications to the uplift of women in various areas of Pakistan. Women in Pakistan are living in critical social scenario and struggling to gain its level role and rights in all spheres of life. This study provides a precise shade of womens situation in Pakistan by connecting to social, political, and economic as pects of discrimination. Research needs more empirical academic work to identify issues and solutions regarding this burning topic. Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Womens right in the world is an important indicator to understand global well-being. No society can function properly without women. Aristotle the father of political science had said that the state is a union of families and villages. Family plays a very important role in society, and makes the foundation of the state .Happy families build healthy societies and healthy societies are prerequisites of strong political order in democratic societies. A woman is an architect of society. She forms the institution of family life, takes care of the home, brings up the children and tries to make them good citizens. Her role in totality contributes to the building of an ideal family, ideal society and an ideal state. In order to build the prosperous and healthy society both men and women demand for equal rights. About half the mankind consists of women and they are treated as second class citizens all over the world, but especially in developing states they are oppressed in different sectors of life. In these developing countries one of the living examples is Pakistan which has been coming across this issue since it got independence in 1947. Womens lives are controlled and shaped by various gender discriminatory structures in Pakistan. Their contribution to the production and physical hardships are not acknowledged. A woman suffers in education, health and gender biased feeding and recreation practices. As a human being she is denied from her own identity. In some parts she is considered as commodity owned by her brother and father before marriage and then by her husband. She does not have the power to make a decision for her life. Someone else takes decisions on behalf of herself about marriage, education or giving birth to a child. In this paper I will explain the situation of women with a special focus on discrimination against them in different sections of society. What are the main obstacles in the development of womens rights. Furthermore I am also going to explain womens rights from an Islamic point of view, since this is sometimes used as an explanation or an excuse, for violating womens human rights. The essential teaching communicated to each woman in this patriarchal society where I myself grew up, is to stay a quiet viewer, even as a silent party to any unfairness done by a man. Women from 48% of the inhabitants in Pakistan. A huge number inhabits in countryside areas, where essential facilities are lacking and womens rights are mistreated. In those areas they are kept away from education, dont have access to schools and colleges and usually became victims of honor killings, rape, early marriages and gender discrimination. In remote areas, women are treated as slaves and remains under their men only as a labor force. Usually their fate will be decided by their husbands, fathers and brothers, which are often called male dominating societies. They do not have the right to make a decision concerning important aspects of lives. For instance, marriage is also a kind of business among rich and poor families; this tradition exists both in the villages and cities, which is extremely infringing on their rights to exist. In some of the areas the customary act of Swara is largely prevalent especially in Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa and Balochistan ( provinces of Pakistan), by the virtue of which, instead of giving blood money as badl-e-sulha(retribute) an accused family gives their girl or girls in marriage to an aggrieved family as compensation to settle down the blood feud between them. In this study I have used the concept of Martha Nussbaum ,, capability approach,, According to her the ten capabilities are life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses, imagination and thoughts, practical reason, Emotion, Affiliation, Other species, Play, and control over ones environment. These capabilities are related to one another in many complex ways. It must be protected and guaranteed in order to have happy and successful life. 1.2 Aims of the thesis The topic of this assignment is discrimination, a very broad term which for this thesis have been narrowed down to,gender discrimination in Pakistan.In this study my aim is to analyze the situation of womens rights in Pakistan. How they are discriminated in different spheres of life and what are the main causes of discrimination. 1.3 Research Questions My research question is following. 1. What are the major causes of gender discrimination in Pakistan? 1.4 Methodology and material This thesis is a qualitative case study of Gender discrimination in Pakistan in order to collect qualitative data for this research I have chosen to use secondary materials such as books, internet materials, and some relevant articles related to my study. In theory. I have used the book Women and human development by Martha C. Nussbaum except from course literature. I have used the main book Al-Quran and different articles from journals. Apart from this I have also used materials from UN resources such as articles from very conventions sources from internet and data from newspaper have also been used. 1.5 Chapter Outline In this paper I start my work with a brief introduction to the field. In the second chapter womens situation in Pakistan is described briefly and some articles from CEDAW and the constitution of Pakistan is described. Furthermore the women status under sharia law has also been discussed. The subsequent chapter 3 discussess the main reasons of creating discrimination and inequalities between men and women in Pakistan. In chapter 4 I have analyse the topic and then finally I have given the conclusions with the answers to the research questions. 1.6 Theory. Martha Nussbaums Capability Approach Nussbaum presents the important ingredients necessary for living an honorable life. Her concept is derived from the Aristotle notion of human beings as a political animal and from Marx idea that the human being is a creature. She thinks that her approach is a defensible theory of justice and although a partial one and calls it the capability approach. Capabilities are important for the achievement of well-being for everyone. It helps to compare one nation to another. In Nussbaum view, the capability approach is used in analysis of women human rights. This is because the capability approach provides a social and political framework to implement the solution to the problems of human welfare. It also provides a guide for policy makers and governments ( Nusssbaum 2000, P-14). According to Nussbaum the ten capabilities are following. Life. A person must be able to live to the end of a human life of normal length, not dying prematurely, or before ones life is so reduced as to be not worth living. Bodily health. A person should be healthy, including reproductive health, to be adequately nourished and to have proper shelter. Bodily health. Must be able to move freely from one place to another, having ones bodily boundaries treated as sovereign, i.e. being able to have physical security and having opportunities for sexual satisfaction and for choice in matters of reproduction etc. Senses thought and imagination. Everyone in society has to be able to use the senses, to think, to imagine and reason. To do all these things in the proper way they all need adequate education and basic scientific and mathematical training. In order to be able to use thought and imagination everyone has the right to freedom of expression, choice of religion and free association in order to be able to search for the ultimate meaning of life in ones own way( Nussbaum 2000, p-78). Emotion. Everyone has the right to be attached to things and people outside ourselves, to care and love for those who care and love for us, to grieve at their absence, in general, to love, to grieve, to experience longing, gratitude, and justified anger. Do not harm other emotions with fear and anxiety. Practical reason. Everyone in society has the right to plain their own life in a good way without any interference from others. Affiliation. Being able to recognize and show respect for other human beings, to engage in different forms of social interaction, to be able to understand the situation of another and to have compassion for that situation. Further to have the ability for both friendship and justice. Being able to be treated as a respectable human being whose worth is equal to that of others. Protection against any type of discrimination on the ground of sex, race, religion, ethnicity etc. ( Nussbaum 2000, p-79) Other species. ,, Being able to live with concern for and in relation to animals, plants, and the world of nature,, Play. Everyone has to be able to have recreational activities and to be able to laugh and to play. Control over ones environment. A. Political. Being able to take part in political activities of their own choices, having the right of protection of free speech, association and political participation. B. Material. Being able to hold movable and immovable property, having equal property rights of possession and ownership, having equal opportunity for employment. (Nussbaum 2000, p-80). The above items on the list are interrelated to one another in many complex ways. One of the most effective ways of promoting womens control over their environment and their effective right of political participation, is to promote womens literacy. According to Nussbaum a woman who can seek work outside the home have exit option that helps them protect their bodily integrity from assaults within it. She futherly says that reproductive is related to many complex ways to the practical reason and bodily integrity. As a result this gives us more reason to avoid promoting one at the expense of the others ( Nussbaum 2000. P-81). Women do not have a chance to live a valuable life. Nussbaum thinks that this is because of lack of support for basic functions of a human life. She thinks that the capability approach serves as a good basis for a specific political conception and a specifically political overlapping consensus (Nussbaum 2000, p. 14)Â  . According to her these capabilities are very important for individuals lives and are connected to each other in many complex ways. These capabilities must be fulfilled by the government instutions especially in women casese in order to have happy and successfull life. As we see that in a country like Pakistan all the above capabilities are mostly missing in womens lives and leads them to discrimination in different spehers of life. Chapter # 2 2.1 Women situation in Pakistan Pakistani society is a male dominated society where women are isolated from different spheres of life which is perhaps due to the traditional norms prevailing in society. The status and role of Pakistani women in all aspects of life have been highly undermined. Most women in rural areas work in the fields and industries in Pakistan. It is a poor and illiterate majority, which usually lead a life of physical hardship, long hour work for which there is neither reward nor compensation (Mumtaz/ Shaheed, 1987:p-78). Most of women in rural areas have to perform double burden of domestic and outside work. Usually they get up first and last to bed. They are the first to prepare breakfast, clean the house and wash the utensils before setting out on their outside work. Although in urban areas the conditions of women are better than those of the rural, yet the old traditions and religious restraints have hindered the independent and free movement of women (Mumtaz/ Shaheed, 1987:78). The women in Pakistan are approximately equivalent to men in numbers. They live in the most diversify site of the tribal, feudal or urban culture. In Pakistan women can be an extremely qualified and self-confident professional or a diffident peasant toiling along with her menfolk. They have traditionally been expected to live under the constraints of purdah. Therefore, the analysis of womens life and status in the society cannot be adequately carried out without taking into account the importance of purdah as a constant element in everyday life in Pakistani Muslim culture. Mostly women observe Pardha while coming out of domestic environs or mixing up with other sections of society. Basically Pardha, or veil, is meant to segregate the womenfolk from the male section of the society. Women are not prohibited from working but at the same time are supposed to observe strictly the rules of morality (Hanna Papanek, p 517,518). Due to Pardha system, most of women have to take up work at home. They involve themselves in dressmaking, embroidery, knitting etc. In the areas like Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Balochistan, life is regulated and governed by strict beliefs and behavioral patterns (Fariha Razak Haroon p 5). In remote areas women do not have rights to say anything in all aspects of their lives including their marriage choice. In populated provinces of Punjab and Sindh a woman can keep her connections with her family after marriage. She can expect support from her fathers and brothers in case of separation and divorce from her husband. In Sindh and Punjab, women work in the fields with their menfolk collecting fuels and in some cases working on the construction sites shifting material from one place to another. 2.2 State violation of womens rights in Pakistan Almost all kinds of crimes are committed against women in Pakistan, including, murder, rape and gender discrimination. In 1971 Pakistani military took action on the East Pakistan now called Bangladesh in which serious crimes were committed against the civilians and especially women. During 9 month operation Pakistani military raped 200,000-400,000 women and young girls. In 2002 at 28 years old women Mukhtara Mai was gang-raped in Punjab in front of her village by the Jirga (court of village elders) decision for the alleged wrongdoing of her 12 years old brother. In 2006 in her blog for the BBC, Mukhtara tells another story of a rape victim in Punjab, Shamshad Bibi, a poor woman who was gang-raped during a visit to the famous town shrine town of Uch Shareef the police declare it to be a case of consensual sex. (Soraya Makhdoom, 2009:1) To add insult to injury the Pakistani president and Dictator General Pervez Musharraf complained that his country was unfairly portrayed a place where women were subjected to violence. The Washington post, published in an interview with General Pervez Musharraf in which he stated, A lot of people say if you want to go abroad and get a visa for Canada or citizenship and be a millionaire, get yourself raped( BBC, 16 September 2005). According to the same paper the Canadian government and human rights activists declared Pervez Musharrafs assertion as outrageous lie: only one known rape victim, a lady doctor assaulted by a military officer had moved to Canada. That lady doctor was Khalid Shazia, working in Pakistan petroleum in Baluchistan. She was raped by an army captain in January 2005. This incident made the local Bugti tribe furious for whom such outrageous acts were against their norms and values. As a result they attacked the gas field. But instead of presenting the rape issue General Pervez Musharraf sent more soldiers and arms to guard the installation. Baloch leadership wanted justice for the rape victim. Nawab Akbar Bugti said, As long as the perpetrators of this heinous crime are not dealt with, there can be no talks. As a result General Pervez Musharraf regime killed Nawab Akbar Bugti an eighty year old leader fighting for his country Balochistan in august 2006 (Suraya makhdoom , 2009:P-1). 2.3 The CEDAW convention and Pakistan. The convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has enriched of Articles regarding how to eliminate gender discrimination against women. Article 2 of the convention states that the state party has the responsibility to assure legal protection and the laws which leads to gender discrimination should be changed or abolished (Article 2 of CEDAW). In article 3 it has been stated that the upbringing of children needs shared responsibility which means that a father should also contribute in upbringing the kids, as it is not only a mothers job. The convention states that women have equal rights as men e.g. they can work with NGOs, they have the right to cast votes, this part has a very vital role as this approach can help a countrys economic growth too. The convention has emphasized on the equal rights of women in education, sports, career and health etc. (Article 10 of CEDAW). In article 14 it has been stated that state should overlook the problems faced by rural women. This is the most relevant article from Pakistan as the rural women come across lots of problems and they do not have awareness how to deal with such problem s. Another important article is 16 which usually violated in Pakistan, which is about the marrying of women to a person of their own choice. In Pakistani society especially in pushtoon (Pakhtoonkhwa) and Balooch (Balochistan) tribes, the parents take the decision on behalf of the girl, without even asking her opinion (Aniqa, 2010 p-1). The above articles are mostly relevant for our society,which is also covered by Nussbaum in her apparaches but it is sad to say that any of the articles and approaches has not been enacted in Pakistan. Article 18 has clearly stated that the parties to the convention has suppose to report to UN within a year of signing the convention regarding the progress, whereas Pakistan joined the CEDAW convention in 1996 and has reported only once yet (May 2007) (Aniqa, 2010 p-1). 2.4 Womens rights in constitution of Pakistan In constitution 1973 of Pakistan from article 8 to article 28 describe the fundamental rights which are to be available to all citizens, men as well as women wherever they are, as well as all people temporarily or permanently in Pakistan. However the freedoms guaranteed can be curtailed or taken away by the government on the grounds of integrity of the sovereignty of Pakistan, maintenance of public order, public morality. But these restrictions can be challenged in the superior courts. The executive is bound to implement these rights and the judiciary is bound to take notice of violation and provide redress on individual complaints (constitution of Pakistan 1973 article 8 and 28). The basis of fundamental rights is laid out in Article 4, which states that it is the inalienable right (i.e., can never be taken away) of individuals (citizens wherever they may be as well as individuals currently in Pakistan) to be treated in accordance with the law. It guarantees the protection of liberty, life, body, reputation and property of an individual (constitution of Pakistan 1973 article 4). 2.5 Women Status under Sharia Law In Arabic sharia means, path, It is a position which guides all aspects of Muslim life including daily routines, familial and religious obligations and financial matters. It primarily derived from the Quran and Sunna the practices, sayings and teachings of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) It is a position which covers every aspect of life for both men and women and is incompatible with the standards of liberal Western societies and the basic principles of western human rights that include equality under the law and the protection of individual freedoms. The Shariah code gives equal roles to men and women and not contradictory roles, when women had no rights in the world it declared, And women shall have equal rights to the rights against them, according to what is equitable (Al Quran Surah Baqara 2.28). However the task assigned to both of them is not same. They have given different capabilities by their creator, and the task assigned to them is based on those capabilities. This distinction is natural and not an error which has to be corrected, this is only for the purpose to build a healthy and prosperous society. In different verses in the Quran God has discussed women as well as mens rights. Allah says, for Muslim women and Men, for believing men and women, for women and men who are patient and constant, for true men and women, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who guard their charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who engaged in best practices, for them God have forgiveness and great reward. (Al Quran Surah 33.35) Any kind of discrimination based on gender is severe offenses and are against the teaching of Quran and the sayings of the Prophet (PBUH) teach the lesson of equal rights of men and women. Islam does not consider women as subordinate to men and just follow them without any reason. Women have full freedom as individual and will be asked for her practices. ( Jamal Badawi 2007, p-6). As we have discussed earlier Pakistan is a country where culture and traditions have great influence on people lives, they follow it without even caring of sharia laws. 2.5 Sharia law in Pakistan In Pakistan there is triple legal system. Which consist of the general law (state law) of Pakistan, secondly the customary law and thirdly Sharia law. In general law or in constitution the current status of Sharia law is unclear. It provides for the existence of the triple legal system, acknowledges the existence of Sharia law in Pakistan and recognizes the associated court system, but the jurisdiction of Sharia courts is set to matters of personal status and therefore does not extend to the criminal jurisdiction. This is attributed to it by the penal codes that have been adopted at the level of states. The Constitution does not explicitly state, however, that criminal matters are the exclusive jurisdiction of federal courts and it is therefore possible to address criminal matters in Sharia courts. Regardless of the jurisdiction of Sharia courts, it is possible to appeal Zina (Sex without marriage) cases on the grounds that their punishment is inconsistent with the human rights provisions of the Pakistani constitution. For instance, Chapter II Article 19 enshrines human dignity as a value of the Pakistan legal order. It seems unlikely that the public nature and prolonged pain associated with lashing and stoning sentences would be found to be consistent with the dignity provision of the Constitution (Walter, 2001). Chapter # 4 4 Reason of Women Discrimination in Pakistan 4.1 Male domination Pakistani society is mostly male dominated society. The behavior towards women is reflected like women are the males property. She has to remain under the mans control. She cannot take any decision on her behalf. In some areas of rural Sindh and Khyber pakhtoonkhwa ( provinces of Pakistan) a girl cannot decide for her marriage. Her parents have to take decision on her behalf. If she takes the decision for herself she can be killed or punished.Household responsibilities are given to them at a very young age. Taking care of others and sacrificing her rights is a part of her life and to get married is her ultimate goal in her life. In rural areas the the violence against women is considered the right of man. Usually men use their power to beat and abuse women in all spheres of public and private life. It is present in the workplace, family and in the community. Intimidates, humiliates, violence and perpetuated fear in women. As women are weak so they usually controlled by men in many sp heres of life (Allama, G.A. 1998,P-22). 4.2 Customs and laws Womens lives are usually governed by local customs rather than statutory laws of the country. Customs and tradition deny women basic rights. Access to legal rights is usually denied. The bad customs like honor killings are highly praised in rural areas of Pakistan.The law of Diyat and Qisas (retribution and family distribution of money) contains discriminatory provisions and ambiguities. The Qisas and Diyat law may encourage the murder of women by making it possible to absolve murders. Another area of discrimination against women in mostly rural areas of Pakistan is linked to the question of the age of puberty. As girls reach to puberty at an early age, they are considered mature at a younger age than boys. Therefor they receive harsher punishments for the same crimes in the same age as the boys. For instance if a young boy is found to be guilty of rape, his punishment will be less than that of a girl of the same age. In Pakistan generally men dictate women in different sectors. They want to dominate them.physical mobility of women is restricted. They are not asked in mate selection. In the name of tradition and culture a woman is told that she must be gentle, submissive, patient and forgiving. She is not allowed to go anywhere without the consent of her husband even to her parents house. Culture of oppression exists in rural areas of Pakistan. Men believe that women are inferior. They usually marry twice or thrice. This is a culture that denies their social, political and legal rights. It gives them no identity at any level (Allama, G.A. 1998,P-24). 4.3 Income disparity One of the reason of women discrimination is income disparity which has made them economically weak. Improvement in womens financial status is very important to their overall betterment. Women cannot get their rights until they are financially strong and economically independent. Women play the main role in national development. But unfortunately their role is rarely recognized. Usually women work is unpaid and even if they are paid its usually less than men. Women are not given property rights and usually husband has the control of money and property (Allama, G.A. 1998,P-25). 4.4 Role of media Media play a key role in reflecting the values and norms of ones society. It helps to change peoples views. Media shows that the women are physically weak and subordinate to men. The media are controlled by the state, electronic media especially television, have been hesitant to highlight the issue, avoiding documentaries and talk shows domestic violence, rape and incest. While highly severe incidents like gang rape may occasionally appear in the regular news bulletin. The local rural press media have a mixed policy covering women issue not infrequently with negative slant and giving far more space to barbaric and traditional perspectives and viewpoints on women. In all over the rural areas the patriarchal attitude persists in the newspaper .The media either electronic or print have the same attitude towards sexual harassment violence. If a girl is sexually abused, the entire blame is put on her clothes, on her beauty or on the the fact the she was in the street at that time, whereas the abuser act is usually justified because he was young, he was drunk and his sexuality was out of control. Thus we can say that the media also play a vital role in gender discrimination in a society (Allama, G.A. 1998,P-26). 4.5 Lack of practical implementation of rules Regulations One of the main reasons of gender discrimination in Pakistan is the lack of practical implementations of rules and regulations. The 1973 constitution of Pakistan is enriched of the fundamental rights to all citizen men as well as women. The executive is bound to implement all the fundamental rights and the judiciary is bound to take notice of violation and provide redress on individual complaints (1973 constitution of Pakistan ). Article 4 of the convention covers inalienable rights (i.e., can never be taken away). It guarantees the protection of life, body, protection of liberty, reputation and property of the individual. The above rights are also mentioned in Nussbaums capability approach. According to her theses rights are connected to each other in many complex ways and necessary to be satisfied in order to have a happy life and the government is responsible to take care of these rights. But as we see that all the above rights are mentioned in the constitution but are not practic ally implemented in Pakistan (1973 constitution of Pakistan,Article 4). Pakistan is also a party to the convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women which has enriched of Articles regarding how to eliminate gender discrimination against women. But it is sad to say that no articles of the convention has been practically enacted in Pakistan. 4.6 Islamic fundamentalism In Islamic fundamentalists think that the struggle for womens rights as a western conspiracy. They consider women as inferior and their main duty is to please men. Women have been oppressed and segregated from from different spheres of life in the name of Islamic culture. According to many Islamic scholars, the customs and traditions are un-Islamic. But fundamentalists defend them in their own way. They include the practice of honor killing which allows male members of the family to kill female members for having sexual relations without marriage. Swara is a custom in the tribal district of Khyber pakhttonkhwa and Punjab (provinces of Pakistan) under which girls are given in marriage to men of rival or tribes in order to settle cases of murder and other blood feuds (daughters and sisters of accused murders are given to affected families to release their fathers and brothers). The girl is then treated harshly in the rival clan. Islamic fundamentalists never raised their voices against these inhuman and cruel customs and traditions. Love marriage is considered a crime and sin according to the religious leader. These fundamentalists and religious parties are against the ,Hudood, laws. These were the laws introduced by the military dictator, General Zia-UL- Haq, in 1979 to viciously curb womens rights. According to theses horrific laws, a rape victim needs the evidence of four male witnesses in order to prove her claims in the court. If she fails to provide this, she will be charged with adultery (sex with her own consent) which means imprisonment for between 5 and 15 years. These laws were made by a dictator for their own interest but in the name of Islam. According to a report made by professor Shaheen, a minister during the period 1999 to 2002: 95 % of cases registered under the Hudood laws are false. Hudood laws have proved to be instruments of personal interest. These religious leaders are using religion to oppress women and other sections of society. The rise of fundamentalism is a threat to womens rights (www.socialistalternati

Ancol Ltd.

1. What are the background facts, problems and symptoms of the problems that suggest that something has gone wrong?Background Facts: As Mr. Simard joined Ancol Ltd., he initially observed that there was a bitter relationship between employees and management. He wanted to bridge the gap and pull both sides together for a better communicative understanding between them. His belief was that, if a certain measure of trust could be built amongst employees and management, then it would create a better working environment, reduce the stress level at work, as well increase productivity amongst employees due to job satisfaction, which would lead to greater growth for the organization. In order to establish this, his first move was to remove the clock system for employees to record their shift reports. The idea behind this was that employees will be able to work much freely; realizing management has put certain level of trust in them.Problems and Symptoms of Problems: The main idea behind remo ving the clocking system was to improve relationships between employees and management. Although, this was a positive intention from Mr. Simard; however, he overlooked some key measures to achieve his objective:Did not do enough research to identify if similar approach was taken in the past within the organization or elsewhere, and identify whether there was any business risks associated with his decision. Did not discuss his decision with higher management, or the workers union. Failed to understand the competence level of the supervisors and their current roles and responsibilities prior to implementing the process Failed to discuss with payroll and understanding possible effects of operational decisions causing problems within other departmentsThe symptoms of problems started when employees realized that they were no longer being monitored for their attendance, and there was an incompetency amongst the supervisors to detect any misuse. As a result, a small percentage of employees took advantage of the situation, leaving a large number of employees feeling unsatisfied with the situation due to inequality at workplace.2. In your opinion, what caused these problems and whose responsibility is it to solve them? What solutions can you suggest?In my opinion, the problem was caused by lack of planning for such decisions. There were hardly any communication between Mr. Simard and the rest of the organization in making such moves. He also lacked communication with the union, as well as higher management. There was lack of training available for the supervisors to track and manage attendance of their employees. There is no evidence of a productivity monitoring system for each employee, which could have also assisted in reporting any misuse.I strictly believe, it is still Mr. Simard’s responsibility to resolve them, by educating his supervisors on how to track attendance, and also by maintaining a clear communication with the employees that an organization can only benefit by filling in the gap between employees and management through trust, honestly and hardwork. There should also be examples made of the employees who have misused their liberty by either termination or suspension. He should also keep an open communication with the Union and report those employees that have misused.He needs to implement a productivity monitoring system, which can track the production of each employee. Although this might be viewed as a negative amongst some members; however, if there are rewards associated with it (i.e employee of the month, or incentives), then that might also create employee satisfaction. I honestly don’t believe that going back to the clocking system will do any good, the decision that Simard made was a positive one; however he just needed to plan it better.

Change In The Catcher And The Rye Essay - 808 Words

George Bernard Shaw once said that, â€Å"Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything.† In J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher and The Rye, Holden’s fear of change shows us that change, although difficult, is inevitable as one matures from a child to an adult. We see how Holden is overwhelmed with change which makes him enjoy things that stay the same. When Holden is able to look back at this experiences, he matures and is able to grow. Holden is overwhelmed by change, and it leads him to prefer things that stay the same or do not change. We see that when Holden goes to the museum that he realizes that the only thing that ever changes is the people. At the museum the exhibits never†¦show more content†¦If Holden is trying to apply himself and does well in school, there is no reason for Holden is fail out of school or get kicked out. This is a very important moment in The Catcher in the Rye, which makes it a little sad that it happens so close to the end of the book. The reader does not get to experience this new Holden which is trying to have a bright future in which he actually applies himself in school, which has never happened before. Holden’s experiences in the mental facility, really help holden learn the priorities of life and to not fear the normal teenage experiences, which consists of changes. Holden is scared because he feels bad about the wrong things he judges people, and because he does not understand the world around him. Holden will not acknowledge his phobia. Holden only expresses his fear a few times throughout the entire book, when Holden talks about sex, he admits that,â€Å"[s]ex is something I just do not understand. I swear to God I do not† (63 Salinger). Sex is something that you learn as you grow up, but if you try to ignore the concept of growing up, you will not understand adult concepts. In the book, Holden’s central goal in the entirety of the book, is to resist growing up and try to abstain from the process of growing up. Holden would like to have everything explained in simple terms and be easily understandable and externally fixed. Growing up and the processShow MoreRelatedEssay Holdens Fear of Change in The Catcher in the Rye1910 Words   |  8 PagesPeople rebel for a cause. In the book â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† , the protagonist, Holden Caulfield is living in a school called Pencey Prep. Holden is failing all of his cl asses except English, and he often curses and smokes cigarettes in his dorm. One of Holden’s main problems in life is the death of his brother Allie. Allie, who died of leukemia 3 years prior to the events of the book, was the only person who deeply understood Holden. 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The New Deal A Success At Tackling The American Economic...

In the years 1933 to 1939, America was set with new government programs established by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Within Roosevelt’s first Hundred Days, he established a plan that would bring America out of crisis. This program was called, The New Deal, and had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. This goals, the 3 R’s were short-ran goals for relief and immediate recovery, as well as, long-term goals for permanent recovery and reform. Ultimately, the main goal of the New Deal was to bring America out of the Great Depression and prevent something like this from happening again. The question is, was the big deal a success at tackling the American economic and social problems during the 1930’s? Although the New Deal did not†¦show more content†¦This program is one of the most successful and enduring policies created by FDR and the New Deal. The CCC was the model for future state and federal conservation programs, it also provided an example of what the government could do to improve its nation’s parks, as well as economy. The CCC was not the only government program created by the New Deal that put people to work. The Works Progress Administration(WPA), like the CCC, was a government run program that created work while checking items off America’s to-do list. Workers in the WPA built schools, hospitals, and other public works buildings. Since this was a government run organization, these jobs were long term and were able to aid in the recovery of the economy. Another goal of the New Deal was recovery. To FDR and his administration, recovery meant fixing the economic problems, such as the insolvent banks. To combat this problem, Roosevelt declared a Bank Holiday, which stopped the panic immediately. 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